Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide.

In Latin America, colorectal cancer incidence and mortality have been increasing. However, the implementation of early detection and public awareness programs still faces challenges in the region.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2020 there were more than 1.9 million new cases and approximately 930,000 deaths related to this disease. In the Region of the Americas, it is the third most common cancer, with about 246,000 new cases and 112,000 deaths annually.

What is colorectal cancer?

Colorectal cancer originates in the colon or rectum, parts of the large intestine. It usually begins as an abnormal growth of tissue called a polyp, which can become cancerous over time. These polyps are often asymptomatic in their early stages, underscoring the importance of early detection.

Colorectal cancer: Early detection can save your life 3

Importance of early detection

Early detection of colorectal cancer is critical to improving survival rates. Regular screening tests can identify polyps before they become cancerous, allowing them to be removed and preventing cancer from developing. In addition, if detected at an early stage, treatment is more effective and less invasive.

Detection methods

There are several tests for colorectal cancer screening:

Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT): Detects small amounts of blood in the stool, indicative of polyps or cancer. It is simple and non-invasive.
Colonoscopy: Directly examines the inside of the colon and rectum, allowing the identification and removal of polyps during the procedure.

Risk Factors

Several factors can increase the risk of developing colorectal cancer:

Age: People over 45 years old.
Family history: History of colorectal cancer or polyps in close relatives.
Diet: High consumption of red and processed meats, and low intake of fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
Sedentary lifestyle: Lack of regular physical activity.
Obesity: Excess body weight.
Alcohol and tobacco use: Excessive use of these substances.

Polyps: Silent Precursors of Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal polyps are small masses of tissue that grow on the inner lining of the colon or rectum. Although they often go unnoticed, their presence represents a significant risk factor in the development of colorectal cancer. Most polyps are benign at first, but some have the potential to become malignant lesions if not detected and removed early.

Types of polyps

There are several types of polyps, but two main categories determine their potential for malignancy:

Hyperplastic polyps: They are usually small and have a low risk of developing into cancer. They are most commonly found in the rectum and sigmoid colon.
Adenomas (adenomatous polyps): They account for approximately 70% of all polyps and are considered precancerous. Not all adenomas progress to cancer, but most colorectal cancers originate from this type of polyp.

How do polyps form?

Polyps usually develop over years as a result of accumulated genetic mutations in the cells of the intestinal epithelium. These cellular changes can be spontaneous or influenced by risk factors such as age, family history, a diet high in fat and low in fiber, smoking or sedentary lifestyle.

In some cases, polyps appear in the context of inherited genetic syndromes, such as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or Lynch syndrome, which significantly increase the risk of colorectal cancer at an early age.

One of the most dangerous aspects of polyps is that, in most cases, they do not cause symptoms. They may rarely produce rectal bleeding, changes in bowel habit or abdominal pain, and these signs usually appear when the growth is considerable or has already progressed to a malignant lesion.

Therefore, the only reliable way to detect them early is through screening tests such as colonoscopy.

Colonoscopy: diagnosis and treatment in a single step

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Colonoscopy not only makes it possible to visualize the inside of the colon and detect polyps, but also offers the possibility of removing them during the procedure. This preventive approach is extremely effective. Several studies have shown that resection of polyps can reduce the risk of colorectal cancer by more than 60%.

In addition, a complete colonoscopy can establish a personalized follow-up based on the number, size and type of polyps found, which is essential to monitor the possible recurrence or appearance of new polyps.

How often should you have a colonoscopy?

International guidelines recommend that people at average risk begin screening at age 45. However, those with a family history of polyps or colorectal cancer, or additional risk factors, should start screening earlier, according to medical advice.

If adenomatous polyps are found during a colonoscopy, the frequency of subsequent tests will depend on the characteristics of the polyp: size, number and histological findings.

Educating the public about polyps as a precursor to cancer is essential. Many people are unaware of the existence of these growths and their potential to evolve into a malignant disease. Understanding that a polyp today can be cancer tomorrow - and that there is a window of years to detect it - is a powerful prevention tool.

How can we prevent colorectal cancer?

Adopting healthy habits can significantly reduce the risk of colorectal cancer:

Balanced diet: Increase the consumption of fiber, fruits and vegetables, and reduce the intake of processed meats.
Physical activity: Perform moderate to intense exercise on a regular basis.
Weight control: Maintain a healthy weight.
Avoid tobacco and alcohol: Reduce or eliminate their consumption.

These measures, combined with regular screening tests, are essential for the effective prevention of colorectal cancer.

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Panama Cancer Clinic: Your ally in prevention and treatment

At Panama Cancer Clinic, we understand the importance of early detection and timely treatment of colorectal cancer. Our team of specialists offers:

Personalized assessments: Analysis of individual risk factors and specific recommendations.
Advanced screening tests: Access to state-of-the-art colonoscopies and fecal occult blood tests.
Integral treatments: Therapeutic options adapted to the needs of each patient.
Continuous accompaniment: Emotional support and follow-up throughout the process.

Detecting colorectal cancer early can save your life. We invite you to schedule a consultation with our specialists and take the first step toward optimal health. Your well-being is our priority.