Head and Neck Cancer
Every year, thousands of people are diagnosed with head and neck cancer, a disease that does not distinguish, but shows a higher incidence in men and in people over 50 years of age.
We offer Multidisciplinary Management
Head and neck cancer is a challenging cancer that motivates us to seek innovative solutions and specialized treatments. At Panama Cancer Clinic, we are not only tireless advocates of prevention and early diagnosis, but we also provide interdisciplinary care for the treatment of these neoplasms, making a remarkable difference in the quality of life of our patients.
Head and neck cancer encompasses a variety of tumors that develop in the mouth, nose, sinuses, salivary glands, throat and voice box (larynx).
The mortality rate worldwide, although significant, has been gradually decreasing, thanks to advances in detection and treatment methods.
Diagnosis and Staging
These two aspects not only determine the extent of the disease, but also guide the most appropriate treatment plan, increasing the chances of success and survival.
General Welfare
The oncological treatment of head and neck cancer not only seeks to eradicate the disease, but also to ensure the patient's overall wellbeing. For this reason, we promote a multidisciplinary approach that includes psychological support.
The Specialist
Having an experienced oncology specialist is vital. The knowledge and skills of our physicians make a big difference in the prognosis of the disease.
What is head and neck cancer?
Head and neck cancers encompass a group of malignant diseases that typically develop from the squamous cells that line the mucous membranes of the head and neck region, such as the mouth, throat and larynx. These cancers, known as squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck, constitute the majority of cases within this category.
In addition to these, head and neck cancers can originate in structures such as the salivary glands, sinuses, as well as in the muscle or nerve tissues of this anatomical region. Although less frequent, these other types of cancer are also part of this category of malignant diseases.
Types of head and neck cancer
These are the different neoplasms that are part of head and neck cancer:
Laryngeal cancer:
This type of cancer begins in the larynx, also known as the "voice box". The larynx is located at the top of the trachea and houses the vocal cords, playing a crucial role in sound production and breathing. Early diagnosis is critical for effective treatment, which may include surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy, depending on the stage and extent of the cancer.
Pharyngeal cancer:
This type of cancer can develop in different areas of the pharynx, which is the muscular tube that connects the nose and mouth to the esophagus. It is divided into three sections: nasopharynx, oropharynx and hypopharynx. Treatment may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy or a combination of these approaches, depending on the size and stage of the cancer.
Mouth cancer:
This type of cancer affects the tissues of the mouth, including the tongue, gums, palate and cheek lining. The main risk factors for mouth cancer include tobacco and alcohol use, as well as human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Treatment may involve surgery to remove the tumor, followed by radiation therapy, chemotherapy or both.
Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer:
This type of cancer develops in the paranasal sinuses, which are air-filled cavities located around the nose inside the skull. Treatment may involve surgery to remove the tumor, followed by radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy depending on the extent of the cancer.
Symptoms of head and neck cancer
Signs and symptoms of head and neck cancer include the presence of a nodule or lump in the neck, a sore in the mouth or throat that does not heal and causes pain, persistent sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and voice changes such as hoarseness. It is important to note that these symptoms can also be caused by less serious medical conditions. Therefore, it is recommended to seek medical or dental attention if you experience any of these symptoms. Some common symptoms include:
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Laryngeal cancer
Symptoms of laryngeal cancer may include persistent hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, sore throat and persistent cough.
Pharyngeal cancer
Symptoms of pharyngeal cancer can vary depending on the location of the tumor, but commonly include difficulty swallowing, persistent sore throat, voice changes and lumps in the neck.
Mouth cancer
Symptoms may include persistent ulcers or sores in the mouth, pain when swallowing, difficulty moving the jaw, and voice changes.
Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer
Symptoms may include persistent nasal congestion, bloody nasal discharge, sinus or facial pain, and loss of sense of smell.
Risk Factors
Head and neck cancers can have a variety of causes and risk factors that contribute to their development. Some of the main ones are listed here:
Alcohol and tobacco use
Alcohol and tobacco use, including exposure to secondhand smoke and smokeless tobacco, are major risk factors for several types of head and neck cancers, including cancers of the oral cavity, hypopharynx and larynx. Those who use both alcohol and tobacco have an even greater risk of developing these cancers compared to those who use only one of them.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection
Certain types of HPV, especially HPV type 16, have been associated with an increased risk of oropharyngeal cancers involving the tonsils or base of the tongue. The incidence of these HPV-related cancers is increasing in some countries, and HPV is estimated to be responsible for the majority of cases of oropharyngeal cancers.
Occupational exposure
Occupational exposure to certain agents, such as wood dust, asbestos, synthetic fibers and other chemicals, may increase the risk of developing head and neck cancers. For example, exposure to wood dust has been associated with an increased risk of nasopharyngeal cancer, while exposure to asbestos and other substances may increase the risk of laryngeal cancer.
Radiation exposure
Radiation therapy to the head and neck, whether to treat benign or malignant conditions, may increase the risk of developing salivary gland cancer.
Epstein-Barr virus infection
Epstein-Barr virus infection has been associated with an increased risk of nasopharyngeal cancer and salivary gland cancer.
Ancestry and genetic disorders
Asian ancestry, particularly Chinese ancestry, has been associated with an increased risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. In addition, certain genetic disorders, such as Fanconi anemia, may increase susceptibility to developing head and neck cancers at an early age.
Screening tests
To detect head and neck cancer in early stages, several screening tests can be performed, including:
Physical examination:
The doctor will perform a thorough examination of the head, neck, and oral cavity to detect any abnormalities, lumps, or other signs of concern that may indicate the presence of cancer.
Endoscopy:
An endoscope, a thin, flexible device equipped with a camera, is used to directly visualize the internal areas of the mouth, throat and nasopharynx. This allows a detailed evaluation of the mucosa and facilitates the detection of possible tumors or lesions.
Biopsy:
If an abnormality is identified during physical examination or endoscopy, a biopsy may be performed. During this procedure, a small sample of suspicious tissue is removed for laboratory analysis. The biopsy is essential to confirm the presence of cancer and to determine its type and grade.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT):
These imaging tests provide detailed pictures of the internal structures of the head and neck. They help physicians assess the location, size and extent of the cancer, which can be helpful in planning treatment. MRI and CT scans can be especially helpful in detecting the presence of tumors in areas that are difficult to visualize with other methods, such as the deep tissues of the head and neck.
Treatments for head and neck cancer
Treatment for head and neck cancers can vary and usually includes a combination of options such as surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. The choice of the specific treatment for each patient depends on several factors, such as the location and stage of the tumor, as well as the age and general health of the individual.
Surgery
When the patient is considered a good candidate for surgery, the tumor and surrounding affected tissues are removed. Surgery may be an option both to remove the primary tumor and to remove affected lymph nodes.
Radiotherapy
This treatment uses high-energy radiation directed at the affected area to destroy cancer cells. It can be administered as the main treatment or in combination with surgery or chemotherapy.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy involves the use of drugs, either orally or intravenously, to attack and destroy cancer cells throughout the body. It is often given in combination with other treatments, such as radiation therapy or surgery.
Targeted therapy
This form of treatment uses drugs designed to specifically target the molecular characteristics of cancer. These drugs can block tumor growth and spread by interfering with specific processes in the cancer cells.
Biological therapies
Also known as immunotherapy, these therapies use substances that stimulate and strengthen the body's immune system so it can recognize and fight cancer more effectively. They can help stop tumor growth and prevent the spread of cancer cells.
Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy is a promising approach that stimulates the body's immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells. It can help reduce tumor burden and improve the body's response to cancer.
These treatment options can be used alone or in combination, depending on the patient's individual needs and the recommendations of the oncology medical team. It is important to discuss all available options with the physician to develop a personalized and effective treatment plan.
Prevention
Prevention of head and neck cancer involves taking measures to reduce the risk factors associated with this disease. Here are some prevention strategies:
Avoidance of tobacco use
Smoking, whether smoking cigarettes, pipes or cigars, is one of the main risk factors for head and neck cancer. Quitting smoking and avoiding exposure to secondhand smoke can help significantly reduce the risk of developing this disease.
Limiting alcohol consumption
Excessive and prolonged alcohol consumption is also associated with an increased risk of head and neck cancer. Reducing alcohol intake or abstaining completely may help reduce the risk of developing this disease.
Practicing safe sex
Since certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) can increase the risk of head and neck cancer, it is important to practice safe sex and use condoms to reduce the transmission of this infection.
HPV vaccination
HPV vaccination can help prevent infection with certain types of HPV that are associated with head and neck cancer. It is important to talk to a doctor about vaccination, especially for adolescents and young adults.
Maintaining good oral hygiene
Proper oral hygiene, including regular brushing, flossing and regular dental visits, can help reduce the risk of mouth and throat cancer.
Avoid exposure to toxic substances
Occupational exposure to certain chemicals, such as asbestos, formaldehyde and wood dust, can increase the risk of head and neck cancer. Taking steps to avoid exposure to these substances can help reduce the risk.
Maintaining a healthy diet
Eating a diet rich in fruits, vegetables and whole foods, and limiting consumption of processed foods and foods high in saturated fats can help maintain a healthy weight and reduce the risk of head and neck cancer, as well as other cancers.
Perform screening tests
Although there is no generalized screening test for head and neck cancer, it is important to be aware of the signs and symptoms of this disease and see your doctor if you experience symptoms such as lumps in your neck, mouth ulcers that do not heal, difficulty swallowing or changes in your voice. Early diagnosis can significantly improve the chances of successful treatment.
